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V.476.467.1
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Among all yogis, the one whose inner self has gone to the Lord in faith is the best.

It is easy to assume the deepest meditator or the most learned stands highest. Here the Lord names a different peak: the one who turns his whole inward self toward Him and worships Him with simple faith.

47Chapter 6
The verseSpoken by Krishna
Voices18 commentators · 6 schools · modern voices
The readingAbout 6 minutes, unhurried
योगिनामपि सर्वेषां मद्गतेनान्तरात्मना। श्रद्धावान्भजते यो मां स मे युक्ततमो मतः
yoginām api sarveṣhāṁ mad-gatenāntar-ātmanā śhraddhāvān bhajate yo māṁ sa me yuktatamo mataḥ

And of all yogis, the one who worships me with faith, his inmost self absorbed in me, I hold to be the most devoted.

Bhagavad Gita 6.47
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Sanskrit recitation by Swami Brahmānanda

Audio from the Gītā Supersite, IIT Kanpur

After leading the seeker through action laid down without its fruit, through posture and breath, practice and dispassion, even-vision and the long climb of the one who falls from yoga, Krishna closes the chapter by ranking the yogins and naming who among them is most joined to Him.

Where they agreethe convergence

Among many real kinds of yogin, this one is not the only one who is true, but the one who rises above them all.

Across schools and centuries the commentators come to the same ground. These are the points they share, and the voices that hold each one.

4schools

There are many kinds of yogin: those who meditate on lesser deities, those who walk the eightfold path, the men of austerity, the men of knowledge; and out of all of them, the one who worships the Lord with full faith and an inward-turned self is called the best.

Across Advaita, Viśiṣṭādvaita, Bhedābheda, Bhakti, and the modern voicesŚaṅkara · Ānandagiri · Madhusūdana · Nīlakaṇṭha · Dhanapati · Rāmānuja · Bhāskara · Śrīdhara · Viśvanātha · Baladeva · Sivananda · Ramsukhdas
In Śaṅkara, Ānandagiri, and 10 others’ words

Krishna closes the chapter by ranking the yogins. A yogin is one joined in spiritual discipline, and the commentators note that there are many kinds: those who meditate on lesser deities like the Vasus, Rudras and Adityas, those who follow the eightfold path of yama and niyama and meditation, the men of austerity, and the men of knowledge. Out of all of them, the one whom Krishna calls the very best is the one who worships Him, the Lord Vasudeva, with full faith and with the inner self turned toward Him. The point is not that the others fail, but that this one rises above them all.

Asked in question 1, below
5schools

Three things together make him so: the inner self gathered up and fastened on the Lord, a trustful warmth that nothing is higher, and a worship that is not a passive gaze but an active offering and service.

Across Advaita, Viśiṣṭādvaita, Śuddhādvaita, Kashmir Śaiva, BhaktiŚaṅkara · Madhusūdana · Nīlakaṇṭha · Dhanapati · Rāmānuja · Vedānta Deśika · Vallabha · Abhinavagupta · Śrīdhara · Baladeva · Jñāneśvar
In Śaṅkara, Madhusūdana, and 9 others’ words

Three things together make this yogin the best, and the commentators unpack each. First, the inner self is 'gone to Me' (mad-gatena antar-atmana): the mind, the inner instrument, is gathered up, fastened on the Lord, and finds no holding of itself apart from Him. Second, he is 'full of faith' (shraddhavan): a trustful warmth and firm trust that nothing is higher than Vasudeva. Third, he 'worships Me' (bhajate): the inner stance is not a passive vision but an active offering and service. Faith, an inward-turned mind, and active worship are the three marks the verse lays down.

Asked in question 2, below
3schools

Since the toil of practice is the same for everyone, what tips the balance is not extra labor but love; and the verdict is the Lord's own, spoken by the one who sees all things as they truly are.

Across Advaita, Viśiṣṭādvaita, BhaktiMadhusūdana · Vedānta Deśika · Rāmānuja · Śrīdhara · Viśvanātha · Baladeva
In Madhusūdana, Vedānta Deśika, and 4 others’ words

The superlative 'yuktatama', most yoked or most joined, settles a contest. Several commentators reason that since the toil of yoga-practice and the labor of worship are the same for everyone, what tips the balance is devotion to the Lord. The dry contemplator and the deeply absorbed are not the measure; the one whose inner self has gone to the Lord with faith and stands there as His devotee is. And the verdict carries the Lord's own authority: 'me matah', held by Me, the all-knowing one who sees all things as they truly are. This forecloses any ranking that would place bare knowledge or meditation above loving worship.

Asked in question 4, below
4schools

Because the Lord ends by saying be My devotee, this verse is both a crown and a doorway: it gathers the whole chapter's paths and bends them toward devotion, and it opens onto the chapters that will describe the Lord who is to be worshipped.

Across Advaita, Viśiṣṭādvaita, Śuddhādvaita, BhaktiĀnandagiri · Madhusūdana · Dhanapati · Vedānta Deśika · Vallabha · Puruṣottama · Śrīdhara · Viśvanātha · Baladeva
In Ānandagiri, Madhusūdana, and 7 others’ words

Because Krishna ends with the address 'so be My devotee', the verse is read as both a crown and a doorway. It crowns the sixth chapter, which began with action whose fruit is laid aside and carried the seeker through posture and breath-control, practice and dispassion, even-vision and the arc of the one who falls from yoga: all of it bends toward this one conclusion. And it opens the next group of chapters, where the Lord who is to be worshipped, Vasudeva, will be described in full. Karma-yoga, dhyana-yoga and jnana-yoga in this chapter all lean toward devotion as their fruit.

Asked in question 5, below

This is the shared ground; it can be carried as it is. Below is where they differ.

Where they differthe divergence

The question they answer differently
Is the faith-filled devotee the highest because devotion is its own supreme path, or because devotion crowns and ripens the other yogas without replacing them?
The traditional commentators
Advaita VedāntaŚaṅkara, Ānandagiri, Madhusūdana
The worship fastens on Vasudeva, the Lord of lords, and ripens into the knowledge of the one Self in which liberation is reached.
Devotion as the high path that serves and matures into knowledge of the great sentence's meaning.
Advaita Vedānta, in their fuller words

These commentators read the worship as fastening on Vasudeva, the Lord, whether thought of with attributes or without. The yogin abandons the error that takes Krishna for a mere man or one deity like other lords, and dwells on Narayana, the Lord of lords. This is the chapter that completes the determination of the meaning of 'thou' in the great Vedantic sentence; the worship taught here loosens the doubt about the yoga-fallen and points beyond, so that liberation is reached through knowledge of the sentence-meaning. Devotion here is the high path that ripens into and serves that knowledge of the one Self.

Śaṅkara · Ānandagiri · Madhusūdana · Nīlakaṇṭha · Dhanapati
ViśiṣṭādvaitaRāmānuja, Vedānta Deśika
The Lord is a distinct, perfect personal being, and this yogin loves Him so wholly that the mind cannot bear a moment apart.
Loving worship as the highest reach within yoga itself, not a separate path.
Viśiṣṭādvaita, in their fuller words

Here the worshipped Lord is described at length as a distinct, supremely perfect personal being: of divine form, the treasure-house of auspicious qualities, the ocean of compassion who came down in the house of Vasudeva without giving up His own nature. The 'gone to Me' is an excess of love so great that the mind cannot bear even a moment's separation. These commentators take the grammar carefully: the genitive 'of yogins' really means 'more than even all yogins'; compared to this loving worshipper, the austere and the wise differ no more than mustard seeds differ beside Mount Meru. One source reads the verse as the seventh-chapter preface that fixes the loving-worship route as the highest within yoga itself, not a separate path, with the Lord's own ranking foreclosing any debate that would set knowledge above love.

Rāmānuja · Vedānta Deśika
BhedābhedaBhāskara
This yogin stands above the men of penance and ritual, and since the teaching is given to Arjuna the householder, the charge is simply: become a yogi.
Refutes that the chapter teaches yoga to renouncers alone.
Bhedābheda, in their fuller words

This commentator stresses that the yogin is superior even to those given to harsh penances, the lunar fast, fasting, and the mere performers of ritual, because the mention of action implies the knowledge belonging to its sphere, and what was meant earlier was knowledge of the Self. He adds a pointed argument that since this yoga is taught to Arjuna, a householder, those who claim the sixth chapter teaches yoga to renouncers alone contradict the conclusion. The verse therefore ends with a plain charge: become a yogi, O Arjuna.

Bhāskara
ŚuddhādvaitaVallabha, Puruṣottama
The highest is the one whose grace-given devotion or servant's love has gone wholly into the Lord, the inward sitting opening straight into bhakti.
Read through pusti-bhakti and the dasya servant's bhava.
Śuddhādvaita, in their fuller words

These commentators read the best yogin specifically through their own devotional categories. For one, the highest is the one whose leaning has gone to 'pusti-bhakti', the grace-given devotion, with faith grounded in the teaching of the great teachers of Sri, and the chapter's close becomes the hinge into the second group of six chapters where such devotion upon Vasudeva will unfold. For the other, the yogins are of three kinds, and the highest is the one who serves through the bhava of 'dasya', the servant's love, his inner self gone into the Lord by the very form of loving emotion. Both sign the chapter with their own verse and read the dhyana-yoga of the chapter, in its highest reach, as bhakti-yoga: the path of inward sitting opens straight into the relish of the Lord's feet.

Vallabha · Puruṣottama
Kashmir ŚaivaAbhinavagupta
A painful yoga without the Lord gives no perfection; the best yogin sets the Lord in his heart and worships Him alone, pervaded by the supreme Lord.
Pre-eminence of the knowledge joined with the Lord.
Kashmir Śaiva, in their fuller words

This commentator's accent is that a merely painful yoga, without the Lord, does not give perfection. The best yogin sets the Lord in his inner organ, is given over to devotion and faith, and worships Him alone and nothing else, following the order of tradition gained through service at a teacher's feet. He is the most joined to the Lord, pervaded by the supreme Lord. The verse thus states the complete pre-eminence of the knowledge that is joined with the Lord.

Abhinavagupta
BhaktiŚrīdhara, Viśvanātha, Baladeva
The verse is the aphorism of the whole bhakti teaching: the one devoted by hearing and glorifying is most of a yogin, rarer than millions of the liberated.
Grades the ascent from action through eightfold yoga to devotion as its summit.
Bhakti, in their fuller words

For these commentators the verse is the aphorism of the whole bhakti teaching, an ornament for the throats of devotees. They carefully grade the ascent: the man of action, the ascetic, and the man of knowledge are each a yogin; the practitioner of the eightfold yoga is more of a yogin; but the one possessed of devotion of hearing, glorifying and the rest is the most of a yogin, more even than those in cognitive and supracognitive samadhi. They cite the Bhagavata that a soul devoted to Narayana is exceedingly rare even among millions of the liberated and perfected. One reads bhakti as service itself, supported by Shruti on the yoga of faith, devotion and meditation, and describes the Lord's beauty in loving detail. Another declares that the Lord is at once the object of devotion, the devotion, and the devotee, and that the bond between such a person and Himself is like that between body and soul, indescribable in words.

Śrīdhara · Viśvanātha · Baladeva · Jñāneśvar
Modern voices teachers of the last two centuries, read together; they stand apart from the classical schools
A modern readingSivananda, Tilak, Ramsukhdas
Worship of the Lord with the inner self merged in Him stands above worship of lesser gods, and the one who forms a relationship with Him is supreme even among yogis.
One adds: devotion added to desireless action is like sugar in milk, but does not prove devotion superior to desireless action itself.
A modern reading, in their fuller words

These voices keep the plain teaching that worship of the Absolute Lord, with the inner self merged in Him, stands above worship of lesser gods, and that the yogi who forms a relationship with the Lord is supreme even among yogis. One develops a careful caution: when devotion is added to desireless karma-yoga the yogin becomes most beloved of the Lord, as sugar added to milk, but this does not mean devotion is superior to desireless action itself; the Gita teaches that the mixture is valuable, not that desireless action is useless, and he sets this apart from the Bhagavata's stronger claim. For him the whole exposition remains part of the justification of karma-yoga, and the threefold division of the Gita into karma, devotion and knowledge is not strictly correct. Another reads the supreme yogin as the bhakti-yogi who forms a relationship with the Lord, set above even those yogins who, by the various disciplines, are bent only on the experience of their own true nature.

Sivananda · Tilak · Ramsukhdas
Sit with these

A few questions to carry

These ask for understanding, not recall; each answer is settled by the commentary itself.

1
Of all the yogins Krishna has named, which one does He hold to be the very best?
2
What three things together make this yogin the best among all?
3
Does calling this devotee the best mean the other yogins have wasted their effort?
4
If the labor of yoga is the same for everyone, what lifts this yogin to the summit?
5
How do the commentators read the place of this closing verse in the Gita?
For a second sitting9 more questions
6
On whose authority does this ranking of the best yogin rest?
7
How does Vishishtadvaita read the phrase 'his inner self gone to Me'?
8
In the Advaita reading, where does the worship taught in this verse finally lead?
9
What do the Bhakti commentators say of the soul truly devoted to the Lord?
10
How does Tilak qualify the praise of devotion added to desireless action?
11
What does the chapter's close offer the seeker who fears his love or meditation is not deep enough?
12
How does Jnaneshwar describe the bond between the devotee and the Lord?
13
What does Bhaskara conclude from the teaching being given to Arjuna, a householder?
14
What does Abhinavagupta say of a yoga practiced painfully but without the Lord?

Carry this with youwhat stays

Here is the warmest reach of the verse. The Lord says that to Him such a devotee is His very life, His sole happiness, the God of gods. And He gives a quiet practice in how He describes the bond: in the heart of the one who loves Him, He Himself becomes all three at once, the object of devotion, the devotion, and the one who is devoted. So you need not stand outside, anxiously deciding whether your love is good enough or your meditation deep enough. Let the inner self lean toward Him with simple faith, and offer that worship as service. The affection that arises is, in His own image, like the bond of body and soul: He is the soul, you the body it fills. That is the place where the whole chapter comes to rest.

You need not stand outside, anxiously deciding whether your love is good enough or your meditation deep enough; let the inner self lean toward Him with simple faith, offer that as your service, and let the rest come to rest there.

योगिनामपि सर्वेषां मद्गतेनान्तरात्मना।yoginām api sarveṣhāṁ mad-gatenāntar-ātmanā

Read deeper

Everything a full study holds, folded below.

Word by word14 terms
yogināmof all yogisapihoweversarveṣhāmall types ofmat-gatenaabsorbed in me (God)antaḥinnerātmanāwith the mindśhraddhā-vānwith great faithbhajateengage in devotionyaḥwhomāmto mesaḥhemeby meyukta-tamaḥthe highest yogimataḥis considered
All the commentary, woven togetherevery voice, in one place

The commentary, woven together

machine-assisted draft, pending review

Convergence

rishna closes the chapter by ranking the yogins. A yogin is one joined in spiritual discipline, and the commentators note that there are many kinds: those who meditate on lesser deities like the Vasus, Rudras and Adityas, those who follow the eightfold path of yama and niyama and meditation, the men of austerity, and the men of knowledge. Out of all of them, the one whom Krishna calls the very best is the one who worships Him, the Lord Vasudeva, with full faith and with the inner self turned toward Him. The point is not that the others fail, but that this one rises above them all.

Braided from 12 commentators

Śaṅkarācārya · Śrī Ānandagiri · Madhusūdana Sarasvatī · Śrī Nīlakaṇṭha · Dhanapati Sūri · Rāmānujācārya · Śrī Bhāskara · Śrīdhara Svāmī · Śrīla Viśvanātha · Śrīla Baladeva · Swami Sivananda · Swami Ramsukhdas

Three things together make this yogin the best, and the commentators unpack each. First, the inner self is 'gone to Me' (mad-gatena antar-atmana): the mind, the inner instrument, is gathered up, fastened on the Lord, and finds no holding of itself apart from Him. Second, he is 'full of faith' (shraddhavan): a trustful warmth and firm trust that nothing is higher than Vasudeva. Third, he 'worships Me' (bhajate): the inner stance is not a passive vision but an active offering and service. Faith, an inward-turned mind, and active worship are the three marks the verse lays down.

Braided from 11 commentators

Śaṅkarācārya · Madhusūdana Sarasvatī · Śrī Nīlakaṇṭha · Dhanapati Sūri · Rāmānujācārya · Vedānta Deśika · Vallabhācārya · Ācārya Abhinavagupta · Śrīdhara Svāmī · Śrīla Baladeva · Sant Jñāneśvar

The superlative 'yuktatama', most yoked or most joined, settles a contest. Several commentators reason that since the toil of yoga-practice and the labor of worship are the same for everyone, what tips the balance is devotion to the Lord. The dry contemplator and the deeply absorbed are not the measure; the one whose inner self has gone to the Lord with faith and stands there as His devotee is. And the verdict carries the Lord's own authority: 'me matah', held by Me, the all-knowing one who sees all things as they truly are. This forecloses any ranking that would place bare knowledge or meditation above loving worship.

Braided from 6 commentators

Madhusūdana Sarasvatī · Vedānta Deśika · Rāmānujācārya · Śrīdhara Svāmī · Śrīla Viśvanātha · Śrīla Baladeva

Because Krishna ends with the address 'so be My devotee', the verse is read as both a crown and a doorway. It crowns the sixth chapter, which began with action whose fruit is laid aside and carried the seeker through posture and breath-control, practice and dispassion, even-vision and the arc of the one who falls from yoga: all of it bends toward this one conclusion. And it opens the next group of chapters, where the Lord who is to be worshipped, Vasudeva, will be described in full. Karma-yoga, dhyana-yoga and jnana-yoga in this chapter all lean toward devotion as their fruit.

Braided from 9 commentators

Śrī Ānandagiri · Madhusūdana Sarasvatī · Dhanapati Sūri · Vedānta Deśika · Vallabhācārya · Śrī Puruṣottama · Śrīdhara Svāmī · Śrīla Viśvanātha · Śrīla Baladeva

Divergence

Advaita Vedānta

These commentators read the worship as fastening on Vasudeva, the Lord, whether thought of with attributes or without. The yogin abandons the error that takes Krishna for a mere man or one deity like other lords, and dwells on Narayana, the Lord of lords. This is the chapter that completes the determination of the meaning of 'thou' in the great Vedantic sentence; the worship taught here loosens the doubt about the yoga-fallen and points beyond, so that liberation is reached through knowledge of the sentence-meaning. Devotion here is the high path that ripens into and serves that knowledge of the one Self.

Śaṅkarācārya · Śrī Ānandagiri · Madhusūdana Sarasvatī · Śrī Nīlakaṇṭha · Dhanapati Sūri

Viśiṣṭādvaita

Here the worshipped Lord is described at length as a distinct, supremely perfect personal being: of divine form, the treasure-house of auspicious qualities, the ocean of compassion who came down in the house of Vasudeva without giving up His own nature. The 'gone to Me' is an excess of love so great that the mind cannot bear even a moment's separation. These commentators take the grammar carefully: the genitive 'of yogins' really means 'more than even all yogins'; compared to this loving worshipper, the austere and the wise differ no more than mustard seeds differ beside Mount Meru. One source reads the verse as the seventh-chapter preface that fixes the loving-worship route as the highest within yoga itself, not a separate path, with the Lord's own ranking foreclosing any debate that would set knowledge above love.

Rāmānujācārya · Vedānta Deśika

Bhedabheda

This commentator stresses that the yogin is superior even to those given to harsh penances, the lunar fast, fasting, and the mere performers of ritual, because the mention of action implies the knowledge belonging to its sphere, and what was meant earlier was knowledge of the Self. He adds a pointed argument that since this yoga is taught to Arjuna, a householder, those who claim the sixth chapter teaches yoga to renouncers alone contradict the conclusion. The verse therefore ends with a plain charge: become a yogi, O Arjuna.

Śrī Bhāskara

Śuddhādvaita

These commentators read the best yogin specifically through their own devotional categories. For one, the highest is the one whose leaning has gone to 'pusti-bhakti', the grace-given devotion, with faith grounded in the teaching of the great teachers of Sri, and the chapter's close becomes the hinge into the second group of six chapters where such devotion upon Vasudeva will unfold. For the other, the yogins are of three kinds, and the highest is the one who serves through the bhava of 'dasya', the servant's love, his inner self gone into the Lord by the very form of loving emotion. Both sign the chapter with their own verse and read the dhyana-yoga of the chapter, in its highest reach, as bhakti-yoga: the path of inward sitting opens straight into the relish of the Lord's feet.

Vallabhācārya · Śrī Puruṣottama

Kashmir Shaivism

This commentator's accent is that a merely painful yoga, without the Lord, does not give perfection. The best yogin sets the Lord in his inner organ, is given over to devotion and faith, and worships Him alone and nothing else, following the order of tradition gained through service at a teacher's feet. He is the most joined to the Lord, pervaded by the supreme Lord. The verse thus states the complete pre-eminence of the knowledge that is joined with the Lord.

Ācārya Abhinavagupta

Bhakti

For these commentators the verse is the aphorism of the whole bhakti teaching, an ornament for the throats of devotees. They carefully grade the ascent: the man of action, the ascetic, and the man of knowledge are each a yogin; the practitioner of the eightfold yoga is more of a yogin; but the one possessed of devotion of hearing, glorifying and the rest is the most of a yogin, more even than those in cognitive and supracognitive samadhi. They cite the Bhagavata that a soul devoted to Narayana is exceedingly rare even among millions of the liberated and perfected. One reads bhakti as service itself, supported by Shruti on the yoga of faith, devotion and meditation, and describes the Lord's beauty in loving detail. Another declares that the Lord is at once the object of devotion, the devotion, and the devotee, and that the bond between such a person and Himself is like that between body and soul, indescribable in words.

Śrīdhara Svāmī · Śrīla Viśvanātha · Śrīla Baladeva · Sant Jñāneśvar

Modern

These voices keep the plain teaching that worship of the Absolute Lord, with the inner self merged in Him, stands above worship of lesser gods, and that the yogi who forms a relationship with the Lord is supreme even among yogis. One develops a careful caution: when devotion is added to desireless karma-yoga the yogin becomes most beloved of the Lord, as sugar added to milk, but this does not mean devotion is superior to desireless action itself; the Gita teaches that the mixture is valuable, not that desireless action is useless, and he sets this apart from the Bhagavata's stronger claim. For him the whole exposition remains part of the justification of karma-yoga, and the threefold division of the Gita into karma, devotion and knowledge is not strictly correct. Another reads the supreme yogin as the bhakti-yogi who forms a relationship with the Lord, set above even those yogins who, by the various disciplines, are bent only on the experience of their own true nature.

Swami Sivananda · Lokmanya Tilak · Swami Ramsukhdas

A Seeker Asks

If meditation, knowledge, and disciplined yoga are all real paths, why does Krishna call the faith-filled devotee the best of all yogins, and does that mean the others are wasted?

The verse is not dismissing the other yogins; it is naming a peak among them. Krishna includes the austere, the wise, and the practitioners of the eightfold path as genuine yogins, and only then says the devotee whose inner self has gone to Him with faith stands highest. The lowliness of the others is only relative to this one, the way mustard seeds are small only beside Mount Meru; among themselves they are not being shamed.

Rāmānujācārya · Śrīla Viśvanātha · Śrīla Baladeva

What tips the balance is not extra toil but devotion. The labor of yoga-practice and of worship is the same for everyone; the difference is that this yogin's inner self is fastened on the Lord with faith and active worship. That is why he reaches the summit without further strain, and the ranking is the Lord's own, declared by the one who sees all things as they truly are.

Madhusūdana Sarasvatī · Śrīdhara Svāmī

Read rightly, the verse does not waste the other paths; it shows where they lead. The whole chapter's karma-yoga, dhyana-yoga, and jnana-yoga bend toward this one conclusion, and the next chapters will describe the Lord who is to be worshipped. Devotion added to desireless action is like sugar added to milk: it does not make the action useless, it makes the yogin most beloved. So the other disciplines are not discarded; they ripen into this.

Vedānta Deśika · Lokmanya Tilak

Contemplation

Here is the warmest reach of the verse. The Lord says that to Him such a devotee is His very life, His sole happiness, the God of gods. And He gives a quiet practice in how He describes the bond: in the heart of the one who loves Him, He Himself becomes all three at once, the object of devotion, the devotion, and the one who is devoted. So you need not stand outside, anxiously deciding whether your love is good enough or your meditation deep enough. Let the inner self lean toward Him with simple faith, and offer that worship as service. The affection that arises is, in His own image, like the bond of body and soul: He is the soul, you the body it fills. That is the place where the whole chapter comes to rest.

Sit with this · Sant Jñāneśvar

All the translations and commentary7 translations

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Where this teaching echoesin the Haripath