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V.3510.3410.36
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Wherever a thing stands first among its kind, that excellence is a trace of him.

Krishna is still naming his glories, and now he reaches into what is sung and what turns with the year: the Brihat-saman among the chants, the Gayatri among the meters, Margashirsha among the months, and spring, when the flowers come. In each class he names only the best, and the best of a kind is where his glory shows.

35Chapter 10
The verseSpoken by Krishna
Voices17 commentators · 2 schools
The readingAbout 3 minutes, unhurried
बृहत्साम तथा साम्नां गायत्री छन्दसामहम्। मासानां मार्गशीर्षोऽहमृतूनां कुसुमाकरः
bṛihat-sāma tathā sāmnāṁ gāyatrī chhandasām aham māsānāṁ mārga-śhīrṣho ’ham ṛitūnāṁ kusumākaraḥ

Among the Sama hymns, I am the Brihat-sama. Among meters, I am the Gayatri. Among the months, I am Margashirsha. Among the seasons, I am spring, when the flowers come.

Bhagavad Gita 10.35
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Sanskrit recitation by Swami Brahmānanda

Audio from the Gītā Supersite, IIT Kanpur

Krishna has already said that among the Vedas he is the Samaveda; now the litany narrows further, to a single chant, a single meter, a single month, a single season.

Where they agreethe convergence

In chant, meter, month, and season alike, he is the most excellent one, for whatever stands first of its kind shows a trace of his glory.

Across schools and centuries the commentators come to the same ground. These are the points they share, and the voices that hold each one.

4schools

Among the Saman chants he is the Brihat-saman, sung at the height of the great rite in praise of the Lord of all.

Across Advaita, Viśiṣṭādvaita, Śuddhādvaita, Bhakti, and the modern voicesŚaṅkara · Ānandagiri · Madhusūdana · Nīlakaṇṭha · Dhanapati · Rāmānuja · Vedānta Deśika · Vallabha · Puruṣottama · Śrīdhara · Viśvanātha · Baladeva · Jñāneśvar · Sivananda · Ramsukhdas
In Śaṅkara, Ānandagiri, and 13 others’ words

Krishna keeps naming his vibhutis, his special glories, by picking the finest member of each class. He has already said elsewhere that among the Vedas he is the Samaveda; here he zooms in further. Among the Saman chants he names the Brihat-saman as himself. The commentators identify this as a particular chant set to the words of a specific Rik verse (most cite the line beginning 'we invoke you indeed'), and they note it is used as an after-praise chant (prishtha-stotra) in a great soma rite, sung in praise of Indra as the Lord of all. Krishna is that chant because it stands supreme among the Samans.

4schools

Among the meters he is the Gayatri, the verse through which the student is born a second time, the mother of that spiritual birth.

Across Advaita, Viśiṣṭādvaita, Śuddhādvaita, Bhakti, and the modern voicesŚaṅkara · Ānandagiri · Madhusūdana · Nīlakaṇṭha · Dhanapati · Rāmānuja · Vedānta Deśika · Vallabha · Puruṣottama · Śrīdhara · Viśvanātha · Baladeva · Jñāneśvar · Sivananda
In Śaṅkara, Ānandagiri, and 12 others’ words

Among the meters (chhandas, the fixed syllabic patterns that shape Vedic verses) Krishna is the Gayatri. The commentators dwell on why this meter is the best of all. It is the verse that confers the 'second birth' on the twice-born: the initiated student is reborn through the Gayatri, so it is called the mother of that spiritual birth. Several add a further reason drawn from scripture: when the meters flew to fetch the Soma, only the Gayatri succeeded, carrying back both the lost syllables and the Soma itself, which is why it is held to pervade all the pressings of the rite. Some go further still and quote the Chandogya that 'the Gayatri is indeed all this that has come to be,' treating it as an embodiment of Brahman. Because of this supremacy, Krishna is the Gayatri.

Asked in question 2, below
4schools

Among the months he is Margashirsha, heavy with fresh grain, gentle in its weather, once honored as the beginning of the year.

Across Advaita, Viśiṣṭādvaita, Śuddhādvaita, Bhakti, and the modern voicesŚaṅkara · Ānandagiri · Madhusūdana · Dhanapati · Vedānta Deśika · Puruṣottama · Jñāneśvar · Sivananda · Vallabha · Baladeva
In Śaṅkara, Ānandagiri, and 8 others’ words

Among the twelve months Krishna is Margashirsha. The commentators explain the name and the choice: it is the month in which the full moon joins the Mrigashira constellation, and it is singled out for its richness in fresh, ripe grain and produce, and for being free of harsh cold and heat, so it brings happiness. Some note that in older reckoning the year began with this month, giving it the place of honor.

4schools

Among the seasons he is the spring that brings the flowers, the loveliest of the six, the season scripture sets apart for sacred beginnings.

Across Advaita, Viśiṣṭādvaita, Śuddhādvaita, Bhakti, and the modern voicesŚaṅkara · Ānandagiri · Madhusūdana · Dhanapati · Rāmānuja · Vedānta Deśika · Vallabha · Puruṣottama · Śrīdhara · Viśvanātha · Baladeva · Jñāneśvar · Sivananda
In Śaṅkara, Ānandagiri, and 11 others’ words

Among the six seasons Krishna is the flower-bringing spring (kusumakara, literally the 'mine' or maker of flowers). The commentators praise it as the most delightful season, the source of all fragrant flowers, free of extremes of cold and heat. Several anchor its sacredness in scriptural injunctions that ritual acts belong to spring: the brahmin's initiation, the setting up of the sacred fires, and the seasonal sacrifices are all to be begun in spring, which is called the brahmin's own season. Because it surpasses the other seasons in loveliness and auspiciousness, Krishna is the spring.

4schools

He does not claim to be every chant, month, or season; he is the most excellent of each, and that excellence is where you may see him.

Across Advaita, Viśiṣṭādvaita, Śuddhādvaita, Bhakti, and the modern voicesMadhusūdana · Vedānta Deśika · Vallabha · Śrīdhara · Baladeva · Ramsukhdas · Puruṣottama
In Madhusūdana, Vedānta Deśika, and 5 others’ words

Across all four items the underlying logic is the same and the commentators state it openly: Krishna is not claiming to be every chant, meter, month, or season, but the best, the chief, the most excellent member of each class. The recurring word is supremacy or excellence (shraishtha). The vibhuti is shown wherever some thing stands at the head of its kind, because that pre-eminence is itself a trace of the divine.

Asked in question 1, below

This is the shared ground; it can be carried as it is. Below is where they differ.

Where they differthe divergence

The question they answer differently
When Krishna names the finest season and meter as his glories, are these marks of supremacy or doors into his living presence?
The traditional commentators
BhaktiVallabha, Baladeva
Spring's loveliness is not a sign pointing away from him; it is the very weather of his play and his festivals.
For the devotee who looks for the Lord himself in what is loveliest.
Bhakti, in their fuller words

These devotional commentators read the season specially as a marker of the Lord's eternal play. For one, spring is not only auspicious by scripture and delightful even to lifeless things, but is the unceasing condition of Vrndavana, so contemplating spring is contemplating the divine lover-Lord himself, the very ground of his perpetual lila. For the other, the spring excels the other seasons in part because it is the occasion of the Lord's own festivals. On this reading the glory of spring points past natural beauty to Krishna's own playful presence.

Vallabha · Baladeva
Asked in question 3, below
ŚuddhādvaitaVallabha, Puruṣottama
Each named glory is a support for contemplation, given so that his servants may dwell on it and come to him.
Read as instruction for meditation rather than a survey of the world.
Śuddhādvaita, in their fuller words

This school frames each item explicitly as a 'vibhuti,' a glory meant for the devotee's contemplation. The Gayatri is to be meditated upon by the Lord's servants precisely because it makes his own form known, and Margashirsha is his glory because it is a time fit for the fulfillment of desires and for enjoyment. The list is read less as cosmology and more as a set of supports the devotee is to dwell on to reach the Lord.

Vallabha · Puruṣottama
Sit with these

A few questions to carry

These ask for understanding, not recall; each answer is settled by the commentary itself.

1
Krishna names one chant, one meter, one month, one season. What is he claiming?
2
Why does the Gāyatrī stand first among all the meters?
3
For Vallabha and Baladeva, what lifts spring beyond the loveliest of the seasons?
4
Spring stops you in a garden, everything in bloom. What does this teaching ask of that moment?
For a second sitting2 more questions
5
What does this list become when the Śuddhādvaita teachers take it up?
6
Why do the commentators call spring sacred, and not merely pleasant?

Carry this with youwhat stays

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The spring, when the flowers come, is his; so is whatever blooms best in the life around you.

मासानां मार्गशीर्षोऽहमृतूनां कुसुमाकरःmāsānāṁ mārga-śhīrṣho ’ham ṛitūnāṁ kusumākaraḥ

Read deeper

Everything a full study holds, folded below.

Word by word11 terms
bṛihat-sāmathe Brihatsamatathāalsosāmnāmamongst the hymns in the Sama Vedagāyatrīthe Gayatri mantrachhandasāmamongst poetic metersahamImāsānāmof the twelve monthsmārga-śhīrṣhaḥthe month of November-DecemberahamIṛitūnāmof all seasonskusuma-ākaraḥspring
All the commentary, woven togetherevery voice, in one place

The commentary, woven together

machine-assisted draft, pending review

Convergence

rishna keeps naming his vibhutis, his special glories, by picking the finest member of each class. He has already said elsewhere that among the Vedas he is the Samaveda; here he zooms in further. Among the Saman chants he names the Brihat-saman as himself. The commentators identify this as a particular chant set to the words of a specific Rik verse (most cite the line beginning 'we invoke you indeed'), and they note it is used as an after-praise chant (prishtha-stotra) in a great soma rite, sung in praise of Indra as the Lord of all. Krishna is that chant because it stands supreme among the Samans.

Braided from 15 commentators

Śaṅkarācārya · Śrī Ānandagiri · Madhusūdana Sarasvatī · Śrī Nīlakaṇṭha · Dhanapati Sūri · Rāmānujācārya · Vedānta Deśika · Vallabhācārya · Śrī Puruṣottama · Śrīdhara Svāmī · Śrīla Viśvanātha · Śrīla Baladeva · Sant Jñāneśvar · Swami Sivananda · Swami Ramsukhdas

Among the meters (chhandas, the fixed syllabic patterns that shape Vedic verses) Krishna is the Gayatri. The commentators dwell on why this meter is the best of all. It is the verse that confers the 'second birth' on the twice-born: the initiated student is reborn through the Gayatri, so it is called the mother of that spiritual birth. Several add a further reason drawn from scripture: when the meters flew to fetch the Soma, only the Gayatri succeeded, carrying back both the lost syllables and the Soma itself, which is why it is held to pervade all the pressings of the rite. Some go further still and quote the Chandogya that 'the Gayatri is indeed all this that has come to be,' treating it as an embodiment of Brahman. Because of this supremacy, Krishna is the Gayatri.

Braided from 14 commentators

Śaṅkarācārya · Śrī Ānandagiri · Madhusūdana Sarasvatī · Śrī Nīlakaṇṭha · Dhanapati Sūri · Rāmānujācārya · Vedānta Deśika · Vallabhācārya · Śrī Puruṣottama · Śrīdhara Svāmī · Śrīla Viśvanātha · Śrīla Baladeva · Sant Jñāneśvar · Swami Sivananda

Among the twelve months Krishna is Margashirsha. The commentators explain the name and the choice: it is the month in which the full moon joins the Mrigashira constellation, and it is singled out for its richness in fresh, ripe grain and produce, and for being free of harsh cold and heat, so it brings happiness. Some note that in older reckoning the year began with this month, giving it the place of honor.

Braided from 10 commentators

Śaṅkarācārya · Śrī Ānandagiri · Madhusūdana Sarasvatī · Dhanapati Sūri · Vedānta Deśika · Śrī Puruṣottama · Sant Jñāneśvar · Swami Sivananda · Vallabhācārya · Śrīla Baladeva

Among the six seasons Krishna is the flower-bringing spring (kusumakara, literally the 'mine' or maker of flowers). The commentators praise it as the most delightful season, the source of all fragrant flowers, free of extremes of cold and heat. Several anchor its sacredness in scriptural injunctions that ritual acts belong to spring: the brahmin's initiation, the setting up of the sacred fires, and the seasonal sacrifices are all to be begun in spring, which is called the brahmin's own season. Because it surpasses the other seasons in loveliness and auspiciousness, Krishna is the spring.

Braided from 13 commentators

Śaṅkarācārya · Śrī Ānandagiri · Madhusūdana Sarasvatī · Dhanapati Sūri · Rāmānujācārya · Vedānta Deśika · Vallabhācārya · Śrī Puruṣottama · Śrīdhara Svāmī · Śrīla Viśvanātha · Śrīla Baladeva · Sant Jñāneśvar · Swami Sivananda

Across all four items the underlying logic is the same and the commentators state it openly: Krishna is not claiming to be every chant, meter, month, or season, but the best, the chief, the most excellent member of each class. The recurring word is supremacy or excellence (shraishtha). The vibhuti is shown wherever some thing stands at the head of its kind, because that pre-eminence is itself a trace of the divine.

Braided from 7 commentators

Madhusūdana Sarasvatī · Vedānta Deśika · Vallabhācārya · Śrīdhara Svāmī · Śrīla Baladeva · Swami Ramsukhdas · Śrī Puruṣottama

Divergence

Bhakti

These devotional commentators read the season specially as a marker of the Lord's eternal play. For one, spring is not only auspicious by scripture and delightful even to lifeless things, but is the unceasing condition of Vrndavana, so contemplating spring is contemplating the divine lover-Lord himself, the very ground of his perpetual lila. For the other, the spring excels the other seasons in part because it is the occasion of the Lord's own festivals. On this reading the glory of spring points past natural beauty to Krishna's own playful presence.

Vallabhācārya · Śrīla Baladeva

Śuddhādvaita

This school frames each item explicitly as a 'vibhuti,' a glory meant for the devotee's contemplation. The Gayatri is to be meditated upon by the Lord's servants precisely because it makes his own form known, and Margashirsha is his glory because it is a time fit for the fulfillment of desires and for enjoyment. The list is read less as cosmology and more as a set of supports the devotee is to dwell on to reach the Lord.

Vallabhācārya · Śrī Puruṣottama

A Seeker Asks

If these are all just 'the best of their kind,' why would Krishna call the spring season or a particular month a special glory of God at all?

The point is exactly that pre-eminence itself is the clue. Krishna is not claiming to be every season or month, but the chief, most excellent member of each class, and the commentators repeatedly call this its supremacy or excellence. Wherever something stands clearly at the head of its kind, that very standing-out is presented as a trace of the divine.

Madhusūdana Sarasvatī · Vedānta Deśika · Śrīdhara Svāmī · Śrīla Baladeva · Swami Ramsukhdas

So the spring and Margashirsha are not chosen at random. The commentators give concrete reasons grounded in scripture and life: spring is the season scripture appoints for sacred beginnings, the initiation, the kindling of the fires, the seasonal sacrifices, and Margashirsha is the month rich in fresh grain and free of harsh extremes, once honored as the start of the year. Their excellence is real and recognizable, which is why it can serve as a window.

Madhusūdana Sarasvatī · Dhanapati Sūri · Śrī Ānandagiri · Swami Sivananda

And for the devotional commentators the glory is even more direct: spring is named as a glory because it is the very ground of the Lord's eternal play and the occasion of his festivals, so that dwelling on it is dwelling on him. The ordinary excellence of a season opens onto Krishna's own presence.

Vallabhācārya · Śrīla Baladeva

Contemplation

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Sit with this · Vallabhācārya

All the translations and commentary7 translations

Pull up a chair.

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Where this teaching echoesin the Haripath