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V.19.3410.2
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No one asked him to speak again; he returns because you delight in hearing him.

This verse looks like a small hinge, a courteous 'listen again.' It is Krishna announcing, unprompted, that he will now unfold at length what he has so far only sketched, because his listener has grown able to receive it.

1Chapter 10
The verseSpoken by Krishna
Voices6 commentators · 5 schools · modern voices
The readingAbout 4 minutes, unhurried
भूय एव महाबाहो श्रृणु मे परमं वचः। यत्तेऽहं प्रीयमाणाय वक्ष्यामि हितकाम्यया
bhūya eva mahā-bāho śhṛiṇu me paramaṁ vachaḥ yatte ’haṁ prīyamāṇāya vakṣhyāmi hita-kāmyayā

The Blessed Lord said: Listen once more, mighty-armed Arjuna, to my highest word. You take joy in it, so I will speak it for your good.

Bhagavad Gita 10.1
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Sanskrit recitation by Swami Brahmānanda

Audio from the Gītā Supersite, IIT Kanpur

The reading read whole, as one unhurried piece

Where it stands

You stand at the opening of a new chapter, one that will spend itself listing the Lord's glories at length. Before any list begins, Krishna pauses to say why he is speaking again at all, and to whom.

The teaching

He returns to the teaching unasked, because you have grown able to hear it.

Nothing new has happened to prompt this. You have asked no fresh question; the teaching simply returns, carried by the teacher's own will to return to it. It comes back for reasons that are, on the whole, modest: what was touched only briefly before, in scattered lines across three earlier chapters, is now going to be laid out in full, and a reality this deep does not usually settle after a single hearing. The word about to be spoken is called supreme, not because of its polish, but because of what it discloses, the highest reality, beyond which nothing further stands. And your own state is named directly: you delight in hearing this, you take it in the way one takes in something sweet, and that delight is treated as real, as part of what makes you ready now in a way you may not have been before. What follows will not be display. The glories about to be named exist so you have somewhere definite to rest your attention, on your way toward loving and understanding what they point to.

The doubt that rises

If this is only a return to something already said, what exactly makes it a different moment than the first time? What has to be true of the listener, and not only of the words, for a teaching to finally land?

Where the paths divide

Advaita Vedanta

Read where the source is thin, and where it is fuller, as leading toward the glories' use in meditation and knowledge.

What is preserved from Shankara at this exact verse is brief, close to paraphrase: the word is supreme because of what it reveals, and your delight and the Lord's own goodwill are named as the reasons for speaking. A fuller Advaita picture, carried mainly by his later commentator Madhusudana, places the coming glories as supports for meditating on the Lord who holds form, and beyond that, as a step toward knowing the Lord who holds none. The repetition itself answers two needs: the glories must be unfolded before they can be used, and the deepest reality resists settling in one telling.

Vishishtadvaita

For the listener whose devotion is meant to take root here and grow.

Here the good wished for you is named specifically: not comfort, not victory, but devotion itself, rising and increasing. The glory about to be unfolded is not decoration. It is the ground devotion needs to have something definite to rest on and grow toward. Being asked to listen with a steady mind reads, on this account, as the condition devotion itself requires, a mind no longer scattered by grief, now settled enough to actually receive what is coming.

Dvaita

Read from a brief, chapter-framing remark rather than a developed argument.

What survives here is thin: a short note that the glories are spoken for the sake of worship, and that the Lord is the special cause behind the surpassing excellence found in certain things, alongside one narrow gloss fixing what your delight means. A fuller reading of your fitness to hear, or of how this delight differs from the grief you carried earlier, belongs to the wider tradition rather than to this fragment alone, and should be held as an extension, not as settled doctrine from this verse.

Kashmir Shaivism

Read from a fragment that is structural, closer to a note on scope than a theology.

What is preserved here is mostly a remark on structure: this chapter unfolds, word by word, what the nine chapters before it already indicated, so the word again names a plain restatement, not new ground, and you yourself will soon ask for the same thing to be told again. One further term is glossed, freedom from delusion, taken to mean eagerness. A fuller Kashmir Shaiva reading, on your own freedom as the very thing being recognized here, would have to be offered as an extension beyond what this fragment itself says.

Bhakti

Read warmly, as nothing more or less than a teacher returning to someone he loves.

Here the whole verse is heard in the key of grace. Nothing new is being announced. This is the Lord stooping again toward a listener he delights in teaching, addressing you by your strength and asking that your whole capacity, not only your arms, meet what is coming. The wish for your good is offered simply, without further qualification, and the return itself, unasked for, is the clearest sign of how this reading understands affection: it does not wait to be summoned.

Modern

Read forward from the fuller Advaita material, toward why repetition itself is considered rather than incidental.

Taken forward from the more developed reasoning on file, this return can be read as answering two distinct needs at once: a practical one, since glories sketched only in passing are of little use until they are spelled out, and a deeper one, since a reality this large rarely settles into understanding after only one hearing. Repetition, on this view, is not a sign that the first telling failed. It is simply what a teaching this size requires.

The sources agree that Krishna returns to teaching unasked, and that your own delight is part of what makes the return matter. They do not agree, where they say enough to compare at all, on what the glories to come are finally for: meditation and knowledge, the growth of devotion, worship of the one who is the cause of all excellence, or simply the same truth restated until it is plain. Several of the sources available here are themselves too thin to settle their own position with confidence. That thinness is left visible rather than smoothed over.

A question to carry

Is there a teaching you have already heard once, that you have stopped truly listening to only because you have heard it before?

May whatever you have already been told, and perhaps stopped hearing, find you again today, and find you ready.

Each school is voiced from the commentators named above. Their full words, every translation, and where the schools agree and differ wait in the reading desk just below. Open the commentary desk.

The seventh, eighth, and ninth chapters touched the Lord's nature and his glories only in passing; here, with no new question from Arjuna, Krishna reopens the teaching himself and tells us plainly why.

Where they agreethe convergence

Unasked, and because you delight in what you have already heard, the teacher returns to a truth too large for one telling.

Across schools and centuries the commentators come to the same ground. These are the points they share, and the voices that hold each one.

5schools

No one asks him to begin again; the return is his own, unprompted by any question from Arjuna.

Across Advaita, Viśiṣṭādvaita, Dvaita, Kashmir Śaiva, BhaktiŚaṅkara · Rāmānuja · Madhva · Abhinavagupta · Śrīdhara · Madhusūdana
In Śaṅkara, Rāmānuja, and 4 others’ words

Every source available to us stresses the word again. Krishna is not opening a new topic and no one has asked him a fresh question; he simply returns, on his own, to teaching he has already given. The commentators read this unprompted return as itself meaningful, a teacher circling back to a listener he cares about without needing to be asked.

Asked in question 1, below
3schools

What was sketched briefly before will now be spread out at length, not repeated word for word.

Across Kashmir Śaiva, Bhakti, AdvaitaAbhinavagupta · Śrīdhara · Madhusūdana
In Abhinavagupta, Śrīdhara, and 1 others’ words

Two linked reasons surface for why the teaching returns at all. The Lord's own nature is hard to grasp and so bears restating, and the glories touched on only briefly before, in scattered lines across chapters seven through nine, are now going to be laid out at length rather than merely gestured at.

2schools

This word is called supreme for what it reveals, the highest reality, not for its style or its beauty.

Across Advaita, BhaktiŚaṅkara · Śrīdhara · Madhusūdana
In Śaṅkara, Śrīdhara, and 1 others’ words

The word about to be spoken is called supreme, paramam, and where the sources comment on the term at all, they agree it earns that name from its object rather than its style: what it discloses is the highest reality, beyond which nothing stands.

Asked in question 2, below
4schools

Arjuna's delight in hearing is treated as a real fitness to receive more, not as incidental praise.

Across Advaita, Viśiṣṭādvaita, Dvaita, BhaktiŚaṅkara · Rāmānuja · Madhva · Śrīdhara · Madhusūdana
In Śaṅkara, Rāmānuja, and 3 others’ words

Arjuna's delight is treated as a real condition for the teaching, not incidental praise. He takes joy in the word, drinking it as one drinks nectar, and this gladness is read as part of what makes him fit to receive more, alongside the Lord's own goodwill toward him.

Asked in question 3, below
3schools

The glories to come are meant as material for practice, footholds for meditation and devotion, not display.

Across Viśiṣṭādvaita, Bhakti, AdvaitaRāmānuja · Śrīdhara · Madhusūdana
In Rāmānuja, Śrīdhara, and 1 others’ words

Where the sources look ahead at all, they treat the glories about to be spoken not as display but as material for practice, footholds for meditation, for devotion, or for both together, depending on which commentator is read, rather than as a catalogue meant merely to impress.

This is the shared ground; it can be carried as it is. Below is where they differ.

Where they differthe divergence

The question they answer differently
When Krishna returns to a teaching he has already given, unasked, is the return doing something new, or is it simply the same truth, told again, needing nothing more than a readier listener?
The traditional commentators
Advaita Vedāntasee this school across the GītāŚaṅkara, Madhusūdana
The glories about to be unfolded serve meditation on the Lord with qualities and lead onward toward knowledge of the Lord beyond qualities, and the return itself answers a real difficulty in grasping that reality.
Shankara's own comment here is thin paraphrase; the fuller architecture is drawn mainly from Madhusudana.
Viśiṣṭādvaitasee this school across the GītāRāmānuja
The good wished for Arjuna is named specifically as the rise and growth of devotion, and the glory to come exists to give that devotion something definite to rest on.
For a mind settled enough by present delight to receive what is coming.
Viśiṣṭādvaita, in their fuller words

Ramanuja's surviving comment is brief but pointed: the good the Lord wishes for Arjuna is named specifically as the arising and growth of devotion, and the glory about to be unfolded exists to give that devotion something definite to rest on. The steadiness asked of Arjuna's mind reads as the condition devotion needs, a mind no longer scattered by grief, now settled enough to receive what is coming.

Rāmānuja
Dvaitasee this school across the GītāMadhva
The glories are spoken for worship, and Arjuna's delight marks him as now fit to be their hearer, though the source at this verse states little beyond that frame.
A brief, chapter-framing remark rather than a developed reading of this verse.
Dvaita, in their fuller words

Madhva's material at this verse is very thin, a chapter-framing remark that the glories are spoken for worship and that the Lord is the special cause of surpassing excellence in certain things, plus one narrow gloss fixing what taking delight means. A fuller Dvaita account of Arjuna's dependent fitness to hear, or of delight replacing the grief of chapter one, belongs to the wider tradition and to Jayatirtha's later elaboration, not to this fragment on its own.

Madhva
Kashmir Śaivasee this school across the GītāAbhinavagupta
The chapter unfolds, word by word, what the prior nine chapters already indicated; the return is a plain restatement rather than new ground.
The surviving fragment is structural, closer to a reading note than a theology of the verse.
BhaktiŚrīdhara
Nothing new is being announced; this is the Lord stooping again toward a listener he loves, and the wish for Arjuna's good is offered simply, without further qualification.
Read in the warm key of grace, a teacher circling back unasked.
Bhakti, in their fuller words

Sridhara gives the fullest and warmest reading among these sources. He frames the whole chapter as the promised unfolding of glories only sketched before, reads mighty-armed as a call for Arjuna's full capacity, and insists that nothing new is being announced, this is the Lord stooping again toward a listener he loves. The wish for Arjuna's good is offered as simple and singular, and the entire verse is heard in the key of grace.

Śrīdhara
Modern voices teachers of the last two centuries, read together; they stand apart from the classical schools
A modern readingMadhusūdana
Repetition here answers two distinct needs at once, the practical need for glories to be spelled out so they can be used in practice, and the deeper difficulty of a reality that does not settle in a single hearing.
Extrapolated forward from the fuller Advaita treatment on file.
A modern reading, in their fuller words

Read forward from Madhusudana's more developed treatment, a modern-facing gloss can note that this verse justifies repetition on two distinct grounds at once, a practical one, since concrete glories are more useful for meditation than passing remarks, and an epistemic one, since the deepest reality does not settle in a single hearing. The verse frames its own repetition as considered, not incidental.

Madhusūdana
Sit with these

A few questions to carry

These ask for understanding, not recall; each answer is settled by the commentary itself.

1
What prompts Krishna to take up the teaching again in this verse?
2
Why is the word about to be spoken called 'supreme' (paramam)?
3
What role does Arjuna's delight play in this verse, according to the sources?
4
If you have already heard a teaching once, what does this verse suggest about hearing it again?
For a second sitting8 more questions
5
How thin is Shankara's own surviving comment on this specific verse?
6
According to Ramanuja's comment here, what specifically is the 'good' the Lord wishes for Arjuna?
7
What does Madhva's surviving comment at this verse mainly consist of?
8
What is the character of Abhinavagupta's surviving comment on this verse?
9
How does Sridhara frame the fact that Krishna is speaking again?
10
Reading Madhusudana's fuller treatment forward, what two distinct needs does the repetition answer?
11
What do the glories about to be unfolded serve as, according to the sources that comment on their purpose?
12
Why does the fidelity of this page matter when a source, like Abhinavagupta's or Madhva's here, is very thin?

Carry this with youwhat stays

Notice, before you read further, that nothing new is being asked of you yet. This verse only asks whether you can still delight in hearing something again, whether an old teaching, returned to, can still land as though for the first time. Sit for a moment with whatever teaching you have already received and have perhaps grown too familiar with to feel. See if it can still reach you.

Let this small return be enough for now: something you have already heard, offered again, because you are able to receive it.

भूय एव महाबाहो श्रृणु मे परमं वचः।bhūya eva mahā-bāho śhṛiṇu me paramaṁ vachaḥ

Read deeper

Everything a full study holds, folded below.

Word by word14 terms
śhrī-bhagavān uvāchathe Blessed Lord saidbhūyaḥagainevaverilymahā-bāhomighty armed oneśhṛiṇuhearmemyparamamdivinevachaḥteachingsyatwhichteto youahamIprīyamāṇāyayou are my beloved confidantvakṣhyāmisayhita-kāmyayāfor desiring your welfare
All the commentary, woven togetherevery voice, in one place

The commentary, woven together

machine-assisted draft, pending review

Convergence

very source available to us stresses the word again. Krishna is not opening a new topic and no one has asked him a fresh question; he simply returns, on his own, to teaching he has already given. The commentators read this unprompted return as itself meaningful, a teacher circling back to a listener he cares about without needing to be asked.

Braided from 6 commentators

Śaṅkarācārya · Rāmānujācārya · Madhvācārya · Ācārya Abhinavagupta · Śrīdhara Svāmī · Madhusūdana Sarasvatī

Two linked reasons surface for why the teaching returns at all. The Lord's own nature is hard to grasp and so bears restating, and the glories touched on only briefly before, in scattered lines across chapters seven through nine, are now going to be laid out at length rather than merely gestured at.

Ācārya Abhinavagupta · Śrīdhara Svāmī · Madhusūdana Sarasvatī

The word about to be spoken is called supreme, paramam, and where the sources comment on the term at all, they agree it earns that name from its object rather than its style: what it discloses is the highest reality, beyond which nothing stands.

Śaṅkarācārya · Śrīdhara Svāmī · Madhusūdana Sarasvatī

Arjuna's delight is treated as a real condition for the teaching, not incidental praise. He takes joy in the word, drinking it as one drinks nectar, and this gladness is read as part of what makes him fit to receive more, alongside the Lord's own goodwill toward him.

Śaṅkarācārya · Rāmānujācārya · Madhvācārya · Śrīdhara Svāmī · Madhusūdana Sarasvatī

Where the sources look ahead at all, they treat the glories about to be spoken not as display but as material for practice, footholds for meditation, for devotion, or for both together, depending on which commentator is read, rather than as a catalogue meant merely to impress.

Rāmānujācārya · Śrīdhara Svāmī · Madhusūdana Sarasvatī

Divergence

Advaita Vedānta

Shankara's own comment at this exact verse is thin, close paraphrase rather than argument, so what can be said in his voice here is limited: the word is supreme because of what it reveals, and Arjuna's delight and the Lord's goodwill are named as the grounds for speaking. Madhusudana, writing at more length, sets this within the fuller Advaita architecture: the glories serve meditation on the Lord with qualities and lead onward to knowledge of the Lord beyond qualities, and the repetition here answers both a practical need, since the glories must be unfolded to be meditated on, and an epistemic one, since the reality itself is hard to know and so bears restating.

Śaṅkarācārya · Madhusūdana Sarasvatī

Viśiṣṭādvaita

Ramanuja's surviving comment is brief but pointed: the good the Lord wishes for Arjuna is named specifically as the arising and growth of devotion, and the glory about to be unfolded exists to give that devotion something definite to rest on. The steadiness asked of Arjuna's mind reads as the condition devotion needs, a mind no longer scattered by grief, now settled enough to receive what is coming.

Rāmānujācārya

Dvaita

Madhva's material at this verse is very thin, a chapter-framing remark that the glories are spoken for worship and that the Lord is the special cause of surpassing excellence in certain things, plus one narrow gloss fixing what taking delight means. A fuller Dvaita account of Arjuna's dependent fitness to hear, or of delight replacing the grief of chapter one, belongs to the wider tradition and to Jayatirtha's later elaboration, not to this fragment on its own.

Madhvācārya

Kashmir Śaiva

What is preserved from Abhinavagupta here is closer to an editor's note than a theological reading: this chapter unfolds, word by word, what the previous nine chapters already indicated, so yet again names a plain restatement rather than new ground, and a single term, freedom from delusion, is glossed as meaning eagerness. A fuller Kashmir Shaiva reading, on the self's own freedom and the recognition that repeated teaching serves, would have to be offered as an extension beyond what this fragment itself argues.

Ācārya Abhinavagupta

Bhakti

Sridhara gives the fullest and warmest reading among these sources. He frames the whole chapter as the promised unfolding of glories only sketched before, reads mighty-armed as a call for Arjuna's full capacity, and insists that nothing new is being announced, this is the Lord stooping again toward a listener he loves. The wish for Arjuna's good is offered as simple and singular, and the entire verse is heard in the key of grace.

Śrīdhara Svāmī

Modern

Read forward from Madhusudana's more developed treatment, a modern-facing gloss can note that this verse justifies repetition on two distinct grounds at once, a practical one, since concrete glories are more useful for meditation than passing remarks, and an epistemic one, since the deepest reality does not settle in a single hearing. The verse frames its own repetition as considered, not incidental.

Madhusūdana Sarasvatī

A Seeker Asks

If I have already heard this teaching once, why would hearing it again change anything for me?

Because the sources agree the teaching does not return unchanged. What was given before in brief hints is now going to be spread out at length; the second telling widens what the first only sketched, so it is not a flat repeat of the same words.

Śrīdhara Svāmī · Madhusūdana Sarasvatī

Because something in the listener has also changed. The verse names Arjuna's present delight as a real condition for what comes next, distinct from where he stood before; a heart that can now take joy in the word is differently placed to receive it than it was earlier.

Rāmānujācārya · Śrīdhara Svāmī

And because some truths are simply not settled by a single hearing. Where the sources touch on this at all, they treat the Lord's own nature as inherently difficult to grasp, which is offered as sufficient reason on its own for returning to it, independent of anything else that has changed.

Madhusūdana Sarasvatī

Contemplation

Notice, before you read further, that nothing new is being asked of you yet. This verse only asks whether you can still delight in hearing something again, whether an old teaching, returned to, can still land as though for the first time. Sit for a moment with whatever teaching you have already received and have perhaps grown too familiar with to feel. See if it can still reach you.

Sit with this · sonnet-5-authored

All the translations and commentary7 translations
Translationsthe verse re-voiced; tap a translator
The commentatorsthe schools expound the verse

Pull up a chair.

You have come to sit with this verse. When you are ready to hear the translators and the commentators in full, open a tradition in the doorways below, or add a voice by name above.

Also hear this verse, tradition by tradition.

Where this teaching echoesin the Haripath